Synonyms for Grace in the Bible: Old and New Testament Terms

The concept of grace is a cornerstone in biblical theology, profoundly influencing both religious thought and personal faith. It encapsulates the essence of divine favor and compassion bestowed upon humanity, which permeates much of the scriptural narrative.

Exploring the terms used for grace in the Bible reveals nuanced understandings that can deepen our appreciation of its significance.

Old Testament Terms for Grace

In the Old Testament, several Hebrew words convey the multifaceted nature of grace. These terms, each with distinct connotations, enrich our comprehension of divine benevolence and mercy.

Chesed

Often translated as “loving-kindness” or “steadfast love,” chesed embodies an enduring and reciprocal aspect of grace. It is frequently associated with God’s covenantal relationships with His people. For instance, in Psalm 136, the phrase “His steadfast love endures forever” repeatedly emphasizes God’s unwavering commitment and mercy. This word suggests a relational, enduring quality—highlighting how grace is demonstrated through ongoing, faithful actions rather than mere transient feelings.

Hen

The term hen is commonly rendered as “favor” or “grace” and typically indicates a more immediate, situational kindness. It often appears in contexts where someone seeks or receives unmerited favor. In Exodus 33:19, God declares, “I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious,” underscoring the sovereign and selective nature of His grace. This word suggests a more individualized and momentary aspect of divine kindness, contrasting with the enduring nature of chesed.

Racham

Translated as “compassion” or “mercy,” racham is derived from a root word meaning “womb,” thus evoking a deeply emotional, almost maternal kind of care. This term often appears in contexts highlighting God’s tender love and pity for His people. Isaiah 49:15 poignantly illustrates this: “Can a woman forget her nursing child, that she should have no compassion on the son of her womb? Even these may forget, yet I will not forget you.” Racham thus expresses a profoundly empathetic and nurturing form of grace, emphasizing God’s intimate concern for human suffering.

New Testament Terms for Grace

In the New Testament, the Greek language offers a rich vocabulary to describe grace, reflecting the early Christian understanding of divine favor and mercy. These terms provide further layers of meaning, enhancing our grasp of how grace operates within the framework of the New Covenant.

Charis

The Greek word charis is most frequently translated as “grace” and encapsulates the idea of unmerited favor. It is a central concept in Pauline theology, where it underscores the gratuitous nature of God’s gift of salvation. Ephesians 2:8-9 states, “For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.” Charis thus highlights the generosity and benevolence of God, emphasizing that salvation and divine favor are not earned but freely given. This term also extends to the idea of spiritual gifts, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:4, where charis is linked to the diverse gifts bestowed upon believers.

Eleos

Eleos, often translated as “mercy,” conveys a sense of compassion and pity, similar to the Hebrew racham. It appears in contexts where God’s merciful actions are highlighted, particularly in the teachings of Jesus. In the Beatitudes, Jesus proclaims, “Blessed are the merciful, for they shall receive mercy” (Matthew 5:7). This term underscores the reciprocal nature of mercy in the Christian life, where receiving divine mercy compels one to extend it to others. Eleos also appears in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), illustrating the practical outworking of mercy through acts of kindness and compassion toward those in need.

Eunoia

Eunoia, meaning “goodwill” or “kindness,” is less commonly used but still significant in the New Testament. It reflects a favorable disposition or benevolent intent, often in the context of interpersonal relationships. In Acts 2:47, the early Christian community is described as “having favor with all the people,” indicating a harmonious and gracious interaction with those around them. This term suggests a broader social dimension of grace, where divine favor extends into communal and societal relationships. Eunoia thus enriches our understanding of grace by highlighting the importance of goodwill and positive intent in fostering harmonious and loving communities.